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2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. Epub 2022 Apr 1. Erratum in: Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e1033. Erratum in: Circulation. 2022 Sep 27;146(13):e185. Erratum in: Circulation. 2023 Apr 4;147(14):e674. PMID: 35363499.

Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC,  Theresa A McDonagh, Marco Metra, Marianna Adamo, Roy S Gardner, Andreas Baumbach, Michael Böhm, Haran Burri, Javed Butler, Jelena Čelutkienė, Ovidiu Chioncel, John G F Cleland, Maria Generosa Crespo-Leiro, Dimitrios Farmakis, Martine Gilard, Stephane Heymans, Arno W Hoes, Tiny Jaarsma, Ewa A Jankowska, Mitja Lainscak, Carolyn S P Lam, Alexander R Lyon, John J V McMurray, Alexandre Mebazaa, Richard Mindham, Claudio Muneretto, Massimo Francesco Piepoli, Susanna Price, Giuseppe M C Rosano, Frank Ruschitzka, Anne Kathrine Skibelund, ESC Scientific Document Group , 2023European Heart Journal, 2023;, ehad195, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad195

2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, Theresa A McDonagh, Marco Metra, Marianna Adamo, Roy S Gardner, Andreas Baumbach, Michael Böhm, Haran Burri, Javed Butler, Jelena Čelutkienė, Ovidiu Chioncel, John G F Cleland, Andrew J S Coats, Maria G Crespo-Leiro, Dimitrios Farmakis, Martine Gilard, Stephane Heymans, Arno W Hoes, Tiny Jaarsma, Ewa A Jankowska, Mitja Lainscak, Carolyn S P Lam, Alexander R Lyon, John J V McMurray, Alexandre Mebazaa, Richard Mindham, Claudio Muneretto, Massimo Francesco Piepoli, Susanna Price, Giuseppe M C Rosano, Frank Ruschitzka, Anne Kathrine Skibelund, ESC Scientific Document Group ,European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 36, 21 September 2021, Pages 3599–3726, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368

Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management. NICE, Clinical guideline. Published: 8 October 2014, Last updated: 17 November 2021, www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg187 

Review: Evidence-Based Management of Acute Heart Failure. Gupta AK, Tomasoni D, Sidhu K, Metra M, Ezekowitz JA. Can J Cardiol. 2021 Jan 10:S0828-282X(21)00002-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.01.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33440229.


Inotropes, vasopressors, and mechanical circulatory support for treatment of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Fernando SM, Mathew R, Sadeghirad B, Brodie D, Belley-Côté EP, Thiele H, van Diepen S, Fan E, Di Santo P, Simard T, Russo JJ, Tran A, Lévy B, Combes A, Hibbert B, Rochwerg B. Can J Anaesth. 2022 Dec;69(12):1537-1553. English. doi: 10.1007/s12630-022-02337-7. Epub 2022 Oct 4. PMID: 36195825.

Conclusion: The results of this systematic review and network meta-analysis indicate that levosimendan reduces mortality compared with placebo among patients with low severity cardiogenic shock. Intra-aortic balloon pump and pMCS had no effect on mortality compared with a strategy of no MCS, but pMCS was associated with higher rates of major bleeding. 

Levosimendan: current data, clinical use and future development. Nieminen MS, Fruhwald S, Heunks LM, Suominen PK, Gordon AC, Kivikko M, Pollesello P. Heart Lung Vessel. 2013;5(4):227-45. PMID: 24364017; PMCID: PMC3868185.

Figure administration Levosimendan

Misconceptions in acute heart failure diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department. Long B, Koyfman A, Chin EJ. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Sep;36(9):1666-1673. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.077. Epub 2018 Jun 1. Review.

Trial of an Intervention to Improve Acute Heart Failure Outcomes. Lee DS, Straus SE, Farkouh ME, Austin PC, Taljaard M, Chong A, Fahim C, Poon S, Cram P, Smith S, McKelvie RS, Porepa L, Hartleib M, Mitoff P, Iwanochko RM, MacDougall A, Shadowitz S, Abrams H, Elbarasi E, Fang J, Udell JA, Schull MJ, Mak S, Ross HJ; COACH Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 5;388(1):22-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2211680. Epub 2022 Nov 5. PMID: 36342109.

Early Management of Patients With Acute Heart Failure: State of the Art and Future Directions. A Consensus Document from the SAEM/HFSA Acute Heart Failure Working Group. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;22(1):94-112. doi: 10.1111/acem.12538.

Evaluation and Management of Right-Sided Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation 2018 April 12

A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018 Aug 28;138(9):861-870. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646.

Role of Biomarkers for the Prevention, Assessment, and Management of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Chow SL, Maisel AS, Anand I, Bozkurt B, de Boer RA, Felker GM, Fonarow GC, Greenberg B, Januzzi JL Jr, Kiernan MS, Liu PP, Wang TJ, Yancy CW, Zile MR; American Heart Association Clinical Pharmacology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2017 May 30;135(22):e1054-e1091. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000490. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Review. Erratum in: Circulation. 2017 Nov 

Impact of morphine use in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema on mortality outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Witharana TN, Baral R, Vassiliou VS. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2022 Jan-Dec;16:17539447221087587. doi: 10.1177/17539447221087587. PMID: 35343809; PMCID: PMC8966112.